A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$template is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Fungsi::$_client is deprecated
Filename: libraries/Fungsi.php
Line Number: 19
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Fungsi.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$fungsi is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Settings::$_client is deprecated
Filename: libraries/Settings.php
Line Number: 16
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Settings.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$settings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$agent is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News_m::$_client is deprecated
Filename: models/News_m.php
Line Number: 22
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/models/News_m.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$news_m is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 359
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Settings.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property News::$data is deprecated
Filename: controllers/News.php
Line Number: 12
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/models/News_m.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/models/News_m.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/models/News_m.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/models/News_m.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/models/News_m.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: http_build_query(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($numeric_prefix) of type string is deprecated
Filename: src/Client.php
Line Number: 412
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/vendor/guzzlehttp/guzzle/src/Client.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Fungsi.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Template::$CI is deprecated
Filename: libraries/Template.php
Line Number: 17
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$template is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$fungsi is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$settings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$agent is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$news_m is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$data is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/libraries/Template.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/application/controllers/News.php
File: /www/wwwroot/daerah3.jatimtimes.my.id/index.php
Serba Serbi Di Tengah Gejolak Politik, Bani Umayyah Bangun Fondasi Ekonomi Peradaban Islam
Penulis : Anggara Sudiongko - Editor : A Yahya
05 - Jun - 2026, 09:54
Ilustrasi Bani Umayyah meninggalkan warisan penting berupa pembangunan sistem ekonomi dan administrasi negara yang menjadi fondasi bagi kemajuan peradaban Islam pada masa-masa berikutnya (ist)
JATIMTIMES - Ketika membahas Bani Umayyah , perhatian banyak orang sering tertuju pada dinamika politik yang mengiringi lahirnya dinasti Islam pertama tersebut. Namun di balik berbagai pergolakan yang terjadi, Bani Umayyah meninggalkan warisan penting berupa pembangunan sistem ekonomi dan administrasi negara yang menjadi fondasi bagi kemajuan peradaban Islam pada masa-masa berikutnya.
Daulah Bani Umayyah berdiri setelah berakhirnya masa Khulafaur Rasyidin. Dinasti ini dipimpin pertama kali oleh Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan, sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW yang juga dikenal sebagai penulis wahyu. Menurut sejarawan Philip K. Hitti dalam History of the Arabs , salah satu langkah strategis Mu'awiyah adalah memindahkan pusat pemerintahan dari Madinah dan Kufah ke Damaskus, wilayah yang saat itu menjadi simpul perdagangan penting antara Timur dan Barat.
Baca Juga :
6 Kebiasaan di Pagi Hari yang Bisa Menandakan Seseorang Sedang Tidak Bahagia
Posisi Damaskus sangat menguntungkan secara ekonomi. Kota tersebut berada di persimpangan peradaban Persia dan Romawi sekaligus menjadi salah satu jalur perdagangan internasional yang terhubung dengan Jalur Sutra. Dari pusat pemerintahan baru inilah Bani Umayyah mengelola wilayah kekuasaan yang membentang dari Afrika Utara hingga Asia Tengah.
Meski demikian, pemerintahan baru itu lahir di tengah kondisi politik yang tidak stabil. Konflik pasca wafatnya Khalifah Utsman bin Affan memunculkan perbedaan pandangan di kalangan sahabat terkait penyelesaian kasus pembunuhan sang khalifah. Ketegangan tersebut mencapai puncaknya dalam Perang Shiffin yang kemudian melahirkan berbagai kelompok politik dan keagamaan dalam sejarah Islam.
Dalam perspektif Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah, para sahabat tetap dipandang sebagai generasi terbaik umat. Alquran menegaskan kemuliaan mereka dalam firman Allah SWT:
"Allah ridha kepada mereka dan mereka pun ridha kepada-Nya." (QS Al-Bayyinah: 8).
Di tengah situasi tersebut, Mu'awiyah justru melakukan berbagai pembenahan yang berdampak besar terhadap stabilitas negara. Sejarawan Muslim Ibn Khaldun dalam Muqaddimah menjelaskan bahwa kekuatan sebuah negara tidak hanya ditentukan oleh militer, tetapi juga oleh tata kelola administrasi dan kemampuan mengelola sumber daya ekonomi.
Salah satu kebijakan yang menonjol pada masa awal Bani Umayyah adalah penguatan birokrasi pemerintahan. Sejumlah jabatan yang sebelumnya bersifat sederhana mulai ditata menjadi profesi yang lebih terstruktur. Jabatan qadhi atau hakim, misalnya, dikembangkan menjadi profesi yang memperoleh gaji tetap dari Baitul Maal.
Kebijakan tersebut membawa dampak besar terhadap penegakan hukum. Dengan adanya jaminan penghasilan, para qadhi memiliki independensi yang lebih kuat dalam memutus perkara, termasuk perkara yang melibatkan pejabat tinggi negara. Sistem ini kemudian menjadi salah satu fondasi penting dalam perkembangan administrasi pemerintahan Islam.
Selain sektor hukum, Bani Umayyah juga memperkuat kesejahteraan aparat negara dan militer. Tentara memperoleh gaji tetap sehingga stabilitas keamanan lebih mudah dijaga. Kondisi itu pada akhirnya mendukung aktivitas perdagangan dan pembangunan ekonomi di berbagai wilayah kekuasaan Islam.
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Dalam bidang fiskal, pemerintahan Mu'awiyah memperkuat fungsi administrasi dan pengumpulan pendapatan negara. Beberapa literatur sejarah Islam menyebutkan adanya penataan sistem pungutan yang disesuaikan dengan kewajiban ekonomi umat Islam. Besaran 2,5 persen yang disebut dalam sejumlah sumber sering dibandingkan dengan konsep zakat penghasilan pada masa modern.
Pembenahan juga dilakukan terhadap pengelolaan Baitul Maal. Dalam praktik pemerintahan Bani Umayyah, kas negara dibedakan antara anggaran yang diperuntukkan bagi kepentingan umum dan kebutuhan keluarga penguasa. Meski demikian, sejumlah catatan sejarah menunjukkan adanya penyimpangan dalam pengelolaan dana negara pada periode tertentu sehingga distribusinya tidak selalu berjalan secara proporsional.
Menurut Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Sallam dalam Al-Amwal, pengelolaan harta negara merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting dalam menjaga keberlangsungan pemerintahan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Karena itu, tata kelola fiskal menjadi perhatian utama dalam berbagai pemerintahan Islam klasik.
Kemajuan ekonomi yang terjadi pada masa Bani Umayyah tidak hanya berdampak pada sektor keuangan negara. Luasnya wilayah kekuasaan membuat pemerintah harus mengelola masyarakat yang berasal dari beragam latar belakang budaya, bahasa, dan agama. Meningkatnya kesejahteraan masyarakat membantu menciptakan stabilitas sosial dan membuka ruang partisipasi yang lebih luas dalam pembangunan.
Sejarawan Marshall G. S. Hodgson menilai bahwa perkembangan administrasi dan ekonomi pada masa awal dinasti Islam berperan penting dalam membentuk peradaban yang mampu mengintegrasikan berbagai komunitas di bawah satu sistem pemerintahan.
Karena itu, meskipun Bani Umayyah sering dikenang melalui berbagai peristiwa politiknya, dinasti ini juga memiliki kontribusi besar dalam membangun fondasi ekonomi negara. Penguatan birokrasi, profesionalisasi lembaga hukum, pengelolaan fiskal, serta pengembangan perdagangan menjadi faktor yang membantu membentuk struktur masyarakat yang lebih tertata dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi pada era-era Islam berikutnya.
Topik
Serba Serbi bani umayyah dinasti islam nabi muhammad khulafaur rasyidin
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Di Tengah Gejolak Politik, Bani Umayyah Bangun Fondasi Ekonomi Peradaban Islam - Magetan Times
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